Economic analysis of the conversion from CO2 to an alternative system as a primary method of killing pigs within a commercial UK-based pig processing facility

Commissioned by AHDB and informed by extensive stakeholder engagement and the latest literature, this report offers a realistic appraisal of the costs, operational factors and uncertainties associated with adopting inert gases such as argon or enhanced electrical systems.

Importantly, the report does not attempt to determine which method should replace CO₂, nor does it draw welfare conclusions; rather, it supplies critical economic insight that must sit alongside ongoing welfare evaluations and practical considerations. 

The findings present a nuanced picture. While alternative systems may hold welfare potential, all options currently come with substantial financial, logistical and operational challenges. Throughput, labour, capital investment, installation downtime and the practicalities of retrofitting existing sites all shape feasibility.

Wider impacts – such as gas supply resilience, meat quality, regulatory approvals and the welfare implications of pre-stun handling – also carry significant weight and must be considered holistically. 

Any transition away from CO₂, should it be pursued, will demand careful planning, cross-sector coordination and a clear understanding of the welfare, commercial and logistical implications.

We hope this work will support constructive dialogue between government, sector and welfare experts as we collectively consider the best way forward.