Ramularia leaf spot management in barley

Ramularia leaf spot can result in extensive damage to the upper leaves in barley, leading to losses in grain yield and quality. In heavily infested crops, yield loss can be up to 0.5 t/ha. Symptoms have been reported with increasing frequency, with the disease most common in the UK’s northern regions. Though previously associated with spring crops, evidence of ramularia in winter crops has increased in recent years. Ramularia is probably still underreported, due to unfamiliarity with the symptoms.

Infected seed or airborne spores, released from cereal and grass hosts or crop trash, result in diseased crops. The relative importance of the seedborne and airborne phases of infection, and the interactions between ramularia leaf spot and the host plant, are complex and not fully understood.

Initially, the fungus grows symptomless and systemically within new plant growth. Diagnosis during these stages requires molecular approaches. Symptoms usually appear on the upper leaves after flowering, but can show earlier in stressed crops or on senescing leaves.

Although primarily a disease of barley, the fungus can infect wheat and oats, but the incidence and significance of this is unknown.

Ramularia leaf spot in barley life cycle

Although seedborne, ramularia is not controlled effectively by seed treatments. Avoid farm-saved seed from crops with high levels of ramularia symptoms.

The most effective timing for fungicide applications against ramularia is a preventative spray during booting (growth stages 45–49). Later applications, up to ear fully emerged (growth stage 59), may also be effective but may be restricted for malting barley crops. Once symptoms develop on the upper leaves post-flowering, treatment is not effective.

Ramularia developed resistance to strobilurins some years ago. Recently, there has been some evidence of resistance to azoles and SDHIs. Multisite fungicides are particularly important in fungicide programmes. The multisite chlorothalonil was an important component of the barley spray programme for many years, until its final withdrawal from use on 20 May 2020.

Our fungicide performance work provides high-quality, independent information on the relative efficacy of fungicides against key diseases in wheat, barley and oilseed rape.

A complex set of environmental and genetic factors drives the development of visible ramularia symptoms in barley. Due to the level of complexity, it is not possible, at present, to generate robust varietal disease resistance ratings for inclusion within the AHDB Recommended Lists (RL).