Emission factors for cattle and dairy housing

Livestock class

Grazed outdoors

Housed in cubicles

Housed on deep litter

Dairy cows and heifers

16.9

34.3

17.2

Incalf heifers

12.3

Calves

1.9

10.6

Beef cattle

4.7

34.3

17.2

Storage emission factor

g N/m2/day

Land spreading emission factor

% of TAN applied

Slurry

Slurry, DM% based

     Crusted

2.1

Aug–Apr. <4%

15%

     Not crusted

4.4

                   4-8%

37%

     Weeping wall

2.1

                 >8%

59%

May–Jul. all DM%

60%

Solid manure

2.5

Solid manure

76%

Dirty water

0.4

Dirty water

15%

Yard emissions

8.3 g N/animal/day

Housing system

Floor type

NH3 emissions g. NH3 per head per day

Ventilation

Reference

Cubicles

Slats

32–45

Mechanical

Kroodsma et al 1993

20–42

Natural

Groot Koerkamp et al 1997

40

Natural

Van’t Ooster 1994

26

Natural

Pfeiffer et al 1994

Flat, solid

25

Natural

Pfeiffer et al 1994

32

Natural

Demmers et al 1998

Sloped, solid

25

Mechanical

Huis In’t Veld et al 1994

Non-cubicle

Flat, solid

30

Mechanical

Groenestein & Reitsma 1993

Housing built pre Jun 2015

Housing built Jul 2015–Jan 2018

Housing built post Jan 2018

Dairy cows over 2 Years

12.2

(33.4)

11.0

(30.1)

8.6

(23.6)

Veal calves up to 8 months

-

-

2.5

(6.85)